{"taxonConcept":{"infoSourceId":"1","infoSourceName":"Australian Faunal Directory","infoSourceURL":"http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Leipoa%20ocellata","id":29092,"guid":"urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:1f130b86-3d75-48c7-9c9d-fe499a180e21","parentId":"971","parentGuid":"urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:6fa5f7af-b99c-4dda-8c65-0aef7797494f","nameGuid":"urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.name:301771","nameString":"Leipoa ocellata","author":"Gould, 1840","rankID":7000,"rankString":"species","rawRankString":"Species","left":8887,"right":8888,"isPreferred":true,"isDraft":false,"isProtologue":false,"isExcluded":false},"taxonName":{"guid":"urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.name:301771","nameComplete":"Leipoa ocellata","authorship":"Gould, 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Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999","region":"Australia","otherRegions":{"aus_states/New South Wales":"New South Wales","aus_states/Western Australia":"Western Australia","aus_states/Northern Territory":"Northern Territory","aus_states/Victoria":"Victoria","aus_states/South Australia":"South Australia"}},{"infoSourceId":"506","infoSourceName":"Office of Environment and Heritage","infoSourceURL":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au","rawStatus":"Endangered","status":"Endangered","system":"Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995","region":"New South Wales","regionId":"aus_states/New South Wales","rawCode":"E1"},{"infoSourceId":"505","infoSourceName":"Department of Sustainability and Environment","infoSourceURL":"http://www.dse.vic.gov.au","rawStatus":"Endangered","status":"Endangered","system":"Department of Sustainability and Environment Advisory","region":"Victoria","regionId":"aus_states/Victoria","rawCode":"EN"},{"infoSourceId":"505","infoSourceName":"Department of Sustainability and 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Conservation","infoSourceURL":"http://www.dec.wa.gov.au","rawStatus":"Vulnerable","status":"Endangered","system":"Wildlife Conservation Act 1950","region":"Western Australia","regionId":"aus_states/Western Australia","rawCode":"VU"},{"infoSourceId":"510","infoSourceName":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","infoSourceURL":"http://www.iucn.org/","rawStatus":"Vulnerable","status":"Endangered","rawCode":"VU"}],"simpleProperties":[{"infoSourceId":"1051","infoSourceUid":"dr430","documentId":"1775127","infoSourceName":"Encyclopedia of Life","infoSourceURL":"http://www.eol.org/","title":"Leipoa ocellata Gould 1840","identifier":"http://www.eol.org/pages/1050122","name":"http://ala.org.au/ontology/ALA#hasDescriptiveText","value":"Malleefowl are large ground dwelling birds, belonging to a family of 22 bird species known as 'megapodes' meaning 'large feet'. Their name originates from the type of habitat (mallee eucalypts) that they are most associated with. Adult males and females are alike in appearance, with a predominantly pale grey-brown colouring, and broad black markings on the throat (3). The upperparts have black, white and chestnut barred feathers and the legs and large feet are grey in colour (2). Juveniles are a dull grey-brown colour, with barred cream on the upperparts (4). This bird emits grunts and crooning noises, with the males' calls being louder (4)."},{"infoSourceId":"1051","infoSourceUid":"dr430","documentId":"1775127","infoSourceName":"Encyclopedia of Life","infoSourceURL":"http://www.eol.org/","title":"Leipoa ocellata Gould 1840","identifier":"http://www.eol.org/pages/1050122","name":"http://ala.org.au/ontology/ALA#hasDescriptiveText","value":"Malleefowl feed on herbs, seeds, flowers, fruit, fungi, tubers and invertebrates (2). They create a nest for breeding, though this is no ordinary nest, for they have developed a highly sophisticated method of temperature control for egg incubation (5). In the autumn, males dig a large hole, which is up to 5 meters wide, and 1 meter deep, and during the winter they fill it with twigs and leaves. In spring, when it rains, the vegetation in the nest gets thoroughly soaked. It begins to rot and, like compost, produces heat. The male covers the nest with sand to keep it warm, and when the female lays her eggs on the mound, the male buries them under the sand and vegetation, and leaves them to incubate. Throughout the summer the female may lay up to 35 eggs, one at a time on the nest mound. The male, meanwhile, keeps testing the temperature of the mound by dipping his beak into it. If it is too warm or too cold he opens up the mound or adds more sand and, in this way, is able to keep the nest at a constant temperature of 34 °C. When the chicks hatch, one at a time, they dig their own way out of the mound (5). This may take up 2 - 15 hours, after which they make their way to the protection of low lying vegetation. They receive no parental care; within one hour they are able to run and, after just 24 hours, they can fly. Instinct leads the chick away from the adults' home range to fend for itself (2)."},{"infoSourceId":"1009","infoSourceUid":"dr389","documentId":"251426","infoSourceName":"Office of Environment and Heritage","infoSourceURL":"http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/index.aspx","title":"Leipoa ocellata","identifier":"http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/profile.aspx?id=10459","name":"http://ala.org.au/ontology/ALA#hasDescriptiveText","value":"The Malleefowl is a large (60 centimetres long, 43 centimetres high and weighing between 1.5 and 2.5 kilograms), distinctive, ground-dwelling bird. It possesses robust, powerful legs, a short bill and a flattish head while the wings are short, broad and rounded at the tip. The head and neck is greyish above, topped with black, the chin is chestnut and the throat and chest are white with a central black stripe. A crest extends from the front of the crown to the nape, and is raised when the bird is alarmed. The upper body is boldly barred and is fringed and streaked grey, white, black and rufous. The lower breast and belly are cream. Although strikingly marked, Malleefowl are particularly well camouflaged in the dappled light of their mallee habitat. Most easily seen at their nest mound, this species usually quietly walks away from observers and rarely flies. The most frequently heard call is loud booming made by the male, usually from on or near its mound."},{"infoSourceId":"1033","infoSourceUid":"dr412","documentId":"184","infoSourceName":"Northern Territory Threatened Species List","infoSourceURL":"http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/animals/threatened/","title":"Leipoa ocellata","identifier":"http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/animals/threatened/pdf/birds/malleefowl_cr.pdf","name":"http://ala.org.au/ontology/ALA#hasDescriptiveText","value":"The malleefowl is a large bird, about the size of a domestic hen with a head-body length of up to 60 cm and body mass of 1.5-2.5 kg.It has powerful grey legs, a short dark bill and a flattish head.The tail is long, greyish in colour and rounded at the tip.The head, and sides and rear of the neck are bluish-grey to grey- brown, and the chin and throat are pale chestnut.There is a broad black stripe from the throat to the upper breast.The upperbody is strikingly barred and mottled grey, white, black and rufous.The rest of the underbody is creamy white (Marchant and Higgins 1993)."},{"infoSourceId":"1009","infoSourceUid":"dr389","documentId":"251426","infoSourceName":"Office of Environment and Heritage","infoSourceURL":"http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/index.aspx","title":"Leipoa ocellata","identifier":"http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/profile.aspx?id=10459","name":"http://ala.org.au/ontology/ALA#hasDistributionText","value":"The stronghold for this species in NSW is the mallee in the south west centred on Mallee Cliffs NP and extending east to near Balranald and scattered records as far north as Mungo NP. West of the Darling River a population also occurs in the Scotia mallee including Tarawi NR and Scotia Sanctuary, and is part of a larger population north of the Murray River in South Australia. The population in central NSW has been significantly reduced through land clearance and fox predation and now occurs chiefly in Yathong, Nombinnie and Round Hill NRs and surrounding areas, though birds continue to survive in Loughnan NR. To the south of this area the species is probably locally extinct in such reserves as Pulletop NR (last recorded 1989), Ingalba NR (1982) and Buddigower NR (1990) and the intensely studied population at Yalgogrin was, in 2003, predicted to be locally extinct by 2008 (although this has not been confirmed). Further east, a population continues to persist in the Goonoo forest near Dubbo. Outside these areas, occasional records have been made in the Pilliga forests (most recently 1999), around Cobar (1991) and Goulburn River NP (1989) though the extent and status of populations in these areas are unknown."},{"infoSourceId":"1033","infoSourceUid":"dr412","documentId":"184","infoSourceName":"Northern Territory Threatened Species List","infoSourceURL":"http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/animals/threatened/","title":"Leipoa ocellata","identifier":"http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/animals/threatened/pdf/birds/malleefowl_cr.pdf","name":"http://ala.org.au/ontology/ALA#hasDistributionText","value":"This species has a patchy distribution in semi-arid regions of southern Australia including central New South Wales, the mallee region around the New South Wales-Victoria-South Australia border, south-central South Australia, and south-west and central coastal Western Australia. In the Northern Territory, it has been recorded from 12 one-degree grid cells, mostly west of the Stuart Highway and south of the Tanami Desert, with no records since the early 1960s (Benshemesh 2000). Storr (1977) located nine records from the southwest corner of the Northern Territory, from the Petermann Range in the extreme southwest, north across the MacDonnell Ranges as far as Central Mount Wedge. Kimber (1985) obtained additional distributional information during interviews with Aboriginal people. Locations identified by these sources include the Petermann Range, Hermannsburg, Mt Theo (Tanami Desert), Idracowra Station, Burt Well, Tea Tree, Connors Well, Aileron and Central Mount Stuart. Benshemesh (2000) noted more recent sightings by Aboriginal inhabitants and rangers near the South Australian border that he considered to be credible."},{"infoSourceId":"1009","infoSourceUid":"dr389","documentId":"251426","infoSourceName":"Office of Environment and Heritage","infoSourceURL":"http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/index.aspx","title":"Leipoa ocellata","identifier":"http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/profile.aspx?id=10459","name":"http://ala.org.au/ontology/ALA#hasHabitatText","value":"Predominantly inhabit mallee communities, preferring the tall, dense and floristically-rich mallee found in higher rainfall (300 - 450 mm mean annual rainfall) areas. Utilises mallee with a spinifex understorey, but usually at lower densities than in areas with a shrub understorey. Less frequently found in other eucalypt woodlands, such as Inland Grey Box, Ironbark or Bimble Box Woodlands with thick understorey, or in other woodlands such dominated by Mulga or native Cypress Pine species. Prefers areas of light sandy to sandy loam soils and habitats with a dense but discontinuous canopy and dense and diverse shrub and herb layers. Although Malleefowl will occupy areas within five years of fire, they prefer older age classes, with little breeding in areas less than 20 years after fire, and in one study the highest densities recorded in long unburnt mallee (60 to 80 years post fire). A pair may occupy a range of between 50 and 500 ha, overlapping with those of their neighbours. Mainly forage in open areas on seeds of acacias and other native shrubs ( Cassia, Beyeria, Bossiaea ), buds, flowers and fruits of herbs and various shrubs, insects (cockroaches, ants, soil invertebrates), and cereals if available. Incubate eggs in large mounds that contain considerable volumes of sandy soil. The litter within the mounds must be dampened for it to decompose and provide heat for incubation of eggs. Up to 34 eggs may be laid in a single season, though usually between 15 and 24 (and clutches smaller in dry years). The male monitors the temperature within the egg chamber using its bill, and regularly works the mound during the breeding season to maintain a constant temperature around 34 degrees. The chicks hatch after between 49 and 96 days (average around 60) and can walk as soon as they emerge from the mound, can run quickly within two hours and can fly within 24 hours."},{"infoSourceId":"1009","infoSourceUid":"dr389","documentId":"251426","infoSourceName":"Office of Environment and Heritage","infoSourceURL":"http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/index.aspx","title":"Leipoa ocellata","identifier":"http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/profile.aspx?id=10459","name":"http://ala.org.au/ontology/ALA#hasThreatsText","value":"Loss of habitat due to clearing has led to a decline in distribution and abundance Fragmentation, resulting from clearing or degradation of habitat, may reduce the size of populations and increase the extent to which they are isolated. Small, isolated populations have a greater risk of extinction due to genetic effects and chance events (e.g., drought and fire). Degradation of the habitat, a result of inappropriate grazing or fire regimes, may result in changes to the physical and biological nature of the habitat (e.g., changes in the structure and floristics of vegetation, diversity and abundance of invertebrates). These changes may render habitat unsuitable or increase the risk posed by other threatening processes (e.g., predation). Fire removes litter for mound construction, shelter from predators, and food sources, especially seeds. Mounds are not usually constructed in an area within 15-20 years after a fire and it may be 40 years before maximum densities are attained. Predation by foxes or cats has a significant impact on populations, particularly on young birds. Accidental death of a small number of birds occurs each year. For small isolated population these losses can be significant. Birds crossing roads or feeding on spilt grain beside roads are particularly vulnerable. Anthropogenic climate change is a long term threat as it may alter habitat characteristics (e.g., change in physical structure or productivity) such that its capacity to support viable populations is reduced."},{"infoSourceId":"1033","infoSourceUid":"dr412","documentId":"184","infoSourceName":"Northern Territory Threatened Species List","infoSourceURL":"http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/animals/threatened/","title":"Leipoa ocellata","identifier":"http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/animals/threatened/pdf/birds/malleefowl_cr.pdf","name":"http://ala.org.au/ontology/ALA#hasThreatsText","value":"Threatening processes that have caused the decline of the malleefowl in the Northern Territory are likely to include predation by introduced carnivores, hunting by humans, environmental stress resulting from drought (Harlen and Priddel 1996), and changes in fire regimes (Kimber 1985). Predation by European foxes and feral cats is likely to be the major threat faced by any remaining individuals (Priddel and Wheeler 1990, 1999; Benshemesh 2000; Garnett and Crowley 2000)."},{"infoSourceId":"1033","infoSourceUid":"dr412","documentId":"184","infoSourceName":"Northern Territory Threatened Species List","infoSourceURL":"http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/animals/threatened/","title":"Leipoa ocellata","identifier":"http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/animals/threatened/pdf/birds/malleefowl_cr.pdf","name":"http://ala.org.au/ontology/ALA#hasThreatsText","value":"caused the decline of the malleefowl in the Northern Territory are likely to include predation by introduced carnivores, hunting by humans, environmental stress resulting from drought (Harlen and Priddel 1996), and changes in fire regimes (Kimber 1985). 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